TAMILNADU NURSING

CHOLERA OVERVIEW                 It is a infectious disease so we just be treated with Antibacterial drugs are beneficial in those with severe disease to shorten its duration and severity. INCIDIENCE Worldwide, it affects 3–5 million people and causes 100,000–130,000 deaths a year as of 2010. New launching  Cholera was one of the earliest infections to be studied by epidemiological methods.  DIAGNOSIS A rapid dipstick test is available to determine the presence of V. cholerae. In those samples that test positive, further testing should be done to determine antibiotic resistance. In epidemic situations, a clinical diagnosis may be made by taking a patient history and doing a brief examination. Treatment is usually started without or before confirmation by laboratory analysis. Stool and swab samples collected in the acute stage of the disease, before antibiotics have been administered, are the most useful specimens for laboratory diagnosis. If an epidemic of cholera is sus

CONGESTIVE CARDIAC FAILURE  *Congestive Cardiac Failure* Congestive cardiac failure is a clinical syndrome in which the heart fails to pump blood at the rate required by the metabolizing tissues or in which the heart can do so only with elevation in filling pressure *ETIOLOGY* It could be cardiac and non cardiac Cardiac causes include - Hypertension - Coronary artery diseases -Valvular diseases - Arrhythmia e.t.c. Non cardiac causes include -Diabetes -Respiratory diseases -Thyroid diseases e.t.c. *RISK FACTORS* Some very important risk factors to note - Age - Sex - Obesity - Race - Smoking - Alcohol use e.t.c. *PATHOPHYSIOLOGY* Cardiovascular dysfunction usually result from either 1. Failure of the pump itself (myocardial diseases) 2. Obstruction of the ventricular outflow 3. Regurgitant flow 4. Arrhythmia The compensatory mechanism helps increase blood volume and cardiac muscle mass to maintain the pumping function of the heart and to cause

MEASLES ♡ Introduction Measles is an acute viral respiratory illness. Measles, also known as rubeola, is one of the most contagious infectious diseases, with at least a 90% secondary infection rate in susceptible domestic contacts.Despite being considered primarily a childhood illness, measles can affect people of all ages.Measles is marked by prodromal fever, cough, coryza, conjunctivitis, and pathognomonic enanthem (ie, Koplik spots), followed by an erythematous maculopapular rash on the third to seventh day.Infection confers life-long immunity. ♡ Causes Agent        The cause of measles is the measles virus, a single-stranded, negative-sense enveloped RNA virus of the genus Morbillivirus within the family Paramyxoviridae. Host.  Humans are the natural hosts of the virus; no animal reservoirs are known to exist. Environment.            Travel to areas where measles is endemic or contact with travelers to endemic areas could cause measles. Mode of

SIGNS IN OBSTETRICS AND GYNAECOLOGY Bagel Sign:                  Ultrasonographic sign. Gestational sac in the adnexa with hyperechoic ring. Ball Sign:              Radiological sign of intrauterine fetal death. X-ray shows crumpled up spine of the fetus.. Banana Sign:                     Ultrasound sign in open spina bifida. Shows abnormal anterior curvature of cerebellum. Due to the associated Arnold-Chiari malformation. Chadwick’s Sign:                            Bluish hue to the vestibule and anterior vaginal wall. Seen in first trimester of pregnancy. Cause is increased blood flow to the pelvic organs. Also known as jacquemier’s Sign. Cullen Sign:                    Bluish discoloration of skin around umbilicus. Occurs due to intra peritonealhemorrhage. Seen in ruptured ectopic pregnancy. Double Bubble Sign:                                   Useful in prenatal diagnosis of duodenal atresia. Duodenal atresia usuallypresents with polyhydramnios and

NORMAL RANGE ArteriaL BlooD GaseS Partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2): 60-100 mmHg Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2): 22-26 mmHg Arterial blood pH: 7.35-7.45 Oxygen saturation (SaO2): 94-100 % Bicarbonate (HCO3): 22-28 mEq/L The oxygen value is lower with an altitude of > 3,000 feet. ************* ElectrolyteS Ammonia: 15-50 µmol/L Ceruloplasmin: 15-60 mg/dL Chloride: 95-108 mmol/L Copper: 70-150 µg/dL Creatinine: 0.8-1.3 mg/dL Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN): 8-21 mg/dL Ferritin:  12-300 ng/mL (men), 12-150 ng/mL (women) Glucose: 65-110 mg/dL Inorganic phosphorous: 1-1.5 mmol/L Ionized calcium: 1.03 1.23 mmol/L Magnesium: 1.5-2 mEq/L Phosphate: 0.8-1.5 mmol/L Potassium: 3.5-5 mmol/L Pyruvate: 300-900 µg/dL Sodium: 135-145 mmol/L T. Calcium: 2-2.6 mmol/L T. Iron-Binding Capacity: 45-85 µmol/L T. Serum Iron:  65-180 µg/dL (men), 30-170 µg/dL (wom

TAMILNADU NURSING TYPES OF PERSONAL HYGIENE*  Keeping your body cleansed is a fundermental but not sole elements of good personal hygiene *1⃣ BODY * taking a daily bath or shower using a mild soap and warm water help wash away dirty and bacteria that may lead to body odor *1⃣ HAIR *  shampooing your hair and massaging scalp will wash away dirty, oil buildup and dead skin cells, _EXPLAINS_ CYWHS *3⃣ HAND AND FEET *  washing your hands throughout the day with soap and water can help ward off the spread of bacteria and viruses *4⃣ GROOMING *  good grooming practices are vital to personal hygiene, it's easy for socks and undercloth to collect dead skin cells and sweat because they sit up against your skin *5⃣ ORAL *  good oral hygiene including brushing your teeth two times a day and flossing at least once *6⃣ SLEEP * you need at least 8-10 hours sleep at night to maintain and keep yourself healthy

COLLECTION OF MEDICAL ROSE🌷🌷  1. 🌷Rose sign - DVT.  2.🌷Rose spot - typhoid.  3.🌷Rose Waller test- rheumatoid factor.  4.🌷Rose pink rash- erysipelas.  5.🌷Rose thron ulcer- Crohn disease.  6.🌷Rose Bengal stain- Sjogren syndrome( eye  examination).  7.🌷Rose Bengal card test- brucella.  8.🌷Rose garder's disease- sporothrix sche inki.  9.🌷Rose position- adenoidectomy/  tonsillectomy.  10.🌷Rosewater syndrome-a mild form of  hereditaryX-linked hypergonadotropic hypogonadism in males,characterized by sterility and gynecomastia.  11.🌷rose fever - hay fever causd by grass polen or rose polen..... future information click below the link www.snaveenbabu.wixsite.com/tamilnadunursing-1

MODERN NURSING & MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY @nrtamilnadunursing  > *SOS* = If needed > *AC* = Before Meals > *PC* = After meals > *BID* = Twice a Day > *TID* = Thrice a Day > *QID* = Four times a day > *OD* = Once a Day > *BT* = Bed Time > *hs* = Bed Time > *BBF* = Before Breakfast > *BD* = Before Dinner > *Tw* = Twice a week > *Rx* = Treatment > *Hx* = History > *Dx* = Diagnosis > *q* = Every > *qd* = Every day > *qod* = Every other day > *qh* = Every Hour > *S* = without > *SS* = One & half > *C* = With > *SQ* = sub cutaneous > *IM* = Intramuscular > *ID* = Intradermal > *IV* = Intravenous > *Q4H* = (every 4 hours) > *QOD* = (every other day) > *HS* = (at bedtime) > *PRN* = (as needed) > *PO or "per os"* (by mouth) > *Mg* = (milligrams) > *Mcg/ug* = (micrograms) > *G or Gm* = (grams) > *1TSF* (Teaspoon) = 5 ml > *1 Tab